https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21501327211024391
Electronic Cigarette Use Is Not Associated with COVID-19 Diagnosis
First Published June 10, 2021 Research Article
https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211024391
Article information
smoking, covid-19, vaping, SARS-CoV-2, e-cigarettes
Introduction
The impact of tobacco use on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity remains unclear. A meta-analysis found that compared with never smokers, current cigarette smokers appear to be at reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.1 Another systematic review and meta-analysis found that both current and former smoking significantly increased the risk of severe COVID-19 and death.2 However, little is known about how electronic (e-) cigarette use might affect risk. E-cigarettes can be associated with inflammation and lung disease, as well as disruptions of lung immunity; both of these factors could increase susceptibility to symptomatic disease.3 In one report, e-cigarette use in adolescents was associated with an increase in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.4 Another study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were higher in U.S. states with a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use, but this is at best indirect evidence.5 Factors complicating the study of how e-cigarette use may affect SARS-CoV-2 risk include inconsistent ascertainment of e-cigarette use in medical records, and the fact that many who use e-cigarettes also use other forms of tobacco. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that current e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis in patients seeking medical care.
Methods
This retrospective study was reviewed by The Institutional Review Board (IRB) and determined to be exempt under section 45 CFR 46.101, item 2.
Study Population
Beginning September 15, 2019, patients were screened for e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use during ambulatory appointments at a national multisite medical practice. Screening utilized a novel electronic health record documentation as previously described.6 As part of routine clinical care during ambulatory appointments, clinicians ascertain e-cigarette use history from patients and document the information as structured data in the electronic health record (EHR). This documentation framework was implemented in EHR as a quality improvement initiative for our health system since September 2019.
The diagnosis of COVID-19 within this period was ascertained using COVID-19 registry data as previously described.7 All patients with current or former history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or active infection record in EHR or a diagnosis of COVID-19 on the problem list of the EHR) are included in this validated registry.7
Data Analysis
Patient demographics, tobacco use status, and COVID-19 test status were abstracted from the EHR. Current e-cigarette or conventional cigarette use within the last 30 days was queried during each medical visit. For those patients diagnosed with COVID-19, tobacco use status was defined according to the current status at the time of diagnosis. For those not diagnosed with COVID-19, tobacco use status was defined according to the current status noted at the time of their last medical visit during the study period. Data are summarized using mean ± SD for continuous variables and frequency counts and percentages for categorical variables. Two logistic regression models were fit to assess whether current e-cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis. For both models, COVID-19 diagnosis was the dependent variable. One model included e-cigarette and smoking status as separate variables, and the other model included a single variable defining current inhaled tobacco use (e-cigarettes only, cigarettes only, dual use, none) Covariates in both models included age (modeled as a continuous variable using a restricted cubic spline with 4 knots), sex, race/ethnicity and Institutional practice site. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Table 1). The majority of current e-cigarette users (55.9%) were also current users of conventional cigarettes, as were many (31.0%) former e-cigarette users (Table 1). COVID-19 was diagnosed in 3567 (5.1%) patients.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics According to e-Cigarette Status.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics According to e-Cigarette Status.
View larger version
In the first logistic regression model that included e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use as separate variables, current or former e-cigarette use was not associated with COVID-19 diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93, 1.43 for current use, OR 1.01 [95% CI 0.81, 1.26] for former use, Table 2). Current, but not former, smokers were less likely to have a COVID-19 diagnosis compared to never smokers (OR 0.47 [95% CI 0.41, 0.54], P < .001). In the second logistic regression model when inhaled tobacco use was included as a single variable, patients who used only e-cigarettes were not more likely to have a COVID-19 diagnosis (OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.69, 1.25], P = .628), whereas those who used only cigarettes had a decreased risk (OR 0.43 [95% CI 0.35, 0.53], P < .001). The OR for dual users fell between these 2 values (OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.49, 0.92], P = .013).
Table 2. Association between Tobacco Use Status and COVID-19 Diagnosis.
Table 2. Association between Tobacco Use Status and COVID-19 Diagnosis.
View larger version
Discussion
This analysis affirms prior studies that conventional cigarette smokers are underrepresented in the population of patients diagnosed with COVID-19.1 As previously discussed the potential for confounding and the limitations of observational cohort studies preclude causal inferences. There is a paucity of evidence regarding association of vaping and COVID-19.8 In contrast to the few prior studies that explored the association of e-cigarette use and COVID-19,4,5 we find no evidence that current or former e-cigarette users are more likely to be diagnosed, although our study design differed substantially, making direct comparisons problematic. For example, a cross sectional online survey study used a convenience sample cohort of adolescents and young adults during early period (May 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic and found both dual use and e-cigarette use were associated with the risk of infection,4 although some aspects of the study were criticized.9 However, similar to our findings, another cross sectional online study from the United Kingdom (conducted in May-June 2020) found no difference in self-reported diagnosed/suspected COVID-19 between never, current and former e-cigarette users.10 Compared with these previous investigations, our study analyzed a clinical cohort (ie, patient seeking medical care) and used self -reported e-cigarette use data that were confirmed and documented in an EHR by a clinician.6 Also, COVID-19 diagnosis in our study was confirmed using a diagnostic PCR test.7
This analysis is subject to the limitations common to observational cohort studies, for example, inclusion of some, but likely not all, confounding variables (ie, related both to COVID-19 risk and e-cigarette use). Study participants were a convenience sample who presented for outpatient care to Mayo Clinic’s ambulatory clinics, a sample that may not be entirely representative of the population of e-cigarette users in the United States.11 Also, case numbers were insufficient to analyze how e-cigarette use might influence the severity and outcomes of COVD-19. Given the deleterious effects of e-cigarette use on lung function,12 it is possible that even if e-cigarette use does not increase the risk of developing infection, it could still increase the severity of disease, as may be the case for conventional cigarettes.2
Although e-cigarettes have the well-documented potential for harm,13,14 and the COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to reduce e-cigarette use,15-17 our study found that such use does not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients seeking medical care. This result suggests the hypothesis that any effects of conventional cigarette smoking on susceptibility are not mediated by nicotine. Future work should evaluate whether e-cigarette use could moderate COVID-19 outcomes.18
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-3525
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
2. Umnuaypornlert, A, Kanchanasurakit, S, Lucero-Prisno, DEI, Saokaew, S. Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis. 2021;19:09.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
3. Winnicka, L, Shenoy, MA. EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: a review. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:2130-2135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
4. Gaiha, SM, Cheng, J, Halpern-Felsher, B. Association between youth smoking, electronic cigarette use, and COVID-19. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67:519-523.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
5. Li, D, Croft, DP, Ossip, DJ, Xie, Z. The association between statewide vaping prevalence and COVID-19. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101254.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
6. Jose, T, Hays, JT, Warner, DO. Improved documentation of electronic cigarette use in an electronic health record. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5908.
Google Scholar | Crossref
7. Jose, T, Warner, DO, O’Horo, JC, et al. Digital health surveillance strategies for management of coronavirus disease 2019. Mayo Clin Proc: Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5:109-117.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
8. Usman, MS, Siddiqi, TJ, Khan, MS, et al. Is there a smoker’s paradox in COVID-19? BMJ Evid Based Med. Published online August 11, 2020. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111492
Google Scholar | Crossref
9. Halpern-Felsher, B, Vallone, D, Hair, E, Ling, P, Song, AV, Bondy, ML, Boykan, R. The authors respond. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68(1):216-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.017
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
10. Kale, D, Herbec, A, Perski, O, Jackson, SE, Brown, J, Shahab, L. Associations between vaping and Covid-19: cross-sectional findings from the HEBECO study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108590.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
11. Cornelius, ME, Wang, TW, Jamal, A, Loretan, CG, Neff, LJ. Tobacco product use among adults—United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1736-1742.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
12. Miyashita, L, Foley, G. E-cigarettes and respiratory health: the latest evidence. J Physiol. 2020;598:5027-5038.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
13. Koslow, M, Petrache, I. A finale on EVALI?: The abated but not forgotten outbreak of acute respiratory illness in individuals who vape. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019366.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
14. Aberegg, SK, Cirulis, MM, Maddock, SD, et al. Clinical, bronchoscopic, and imaging findings of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury among patients treated at an academic medical center. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019176.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
15. Hopkins, DB, Al-Hamdani, M. Young Canadian e-cigarette users and the COVID-19 pandemic: examining vaping behaviors by pandemic onset and gender. Front Public Health. 2021;8:620748.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
16. Gaiha, SM, Lempert, LK, Halpern-Felsher, B. Underage youth and young adult e-cigarette use and access before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2027572.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
17. Stokes, AC. Declines in electronic cigarette use among US youth in the era of COVID-19—a critical opportunity to stop youth vaping in its tracks. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2028221.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
18. Majmundar, A, Allem, J-P, Cruz, TB, Unger, JB. Public health concerns and unsubstantiated claims at the intersection of vaping and COVID-19. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22:1667-1668.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Electronic Cigarette Use Is Not Associated with COVID-19 Diagnosis
First Published June 10, 2021 Research Article
https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211024391
Article information
smoking, covid-19, vaping, SARS-CoV-2, e-cigarettes
Introduction
The impact of tobacco use on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity remains unclear. A meta-analysis found that compared with never smokers, current cigarette smokers appear to be at reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.1 Another systematic review and meta-analysis found that both current and former smoking significantly increased the risk of severe COVID-19 and death.2 However, little is known about how electronic (e-) cigarette use might affect risk. E-cigarettes can be associated with inflammation and lung disease, as well as disruptions of lung immunity; both of these factors could increase susceptibility to symptomatic disease.3 In one report, e-cigarette use in adolescents was associated with an increase in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.4 Another study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were higher in U.S. states with a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use, but this is at best indirect evidence.5 Factors complicating the study of how e-cigarette use may affect SARS-CoV-2 risk include inconsistent ascertainment of e-cigarette use in medical records, and the fact that many who use e-cigarettes also use other forms of tobacco. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that current e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis in patients seeking medical care.
Methods
This retrospective study was reviewed by The Institutional Review Board (IRB) and determined to be exempt under section 45 CFR 46.101, item 2.
Study Population
Beginning September 15, 2019, patients were screened for e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use during ambulatory appointments at a national multisite medical practice. Screening utilized a novel electronic health record documentation as previously described.6 As part of routine clinical care during ambulatory appointments, clinicians ascertain e-cigarette use history from patients and document the information as structured data in the electronic health record (EHR). This documentation framework was implemented in EHR as a quality improvement initiative for our health system since September 2019.
The diagnosis of COVID-19 within this period was ascertained using COVID-19 registry data as previously described.7 All patients with current or former history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or active infection record in EHR or a diagnosis of COVID-19 on the problem list of the EHR) are included in this validated registry.7
Data Analysis
Patient demographics, tobacco use status, and COVID-19 test status were abstracted from the EHR. Current e-cigarette or conventional cigarette use within the last 30 days was queried during each medical visit. For those patients diagnosed with COVID-19, tobacco use status was defined according to the current status at the time of diagnosis. For those not diagnosed with COVID-19, tobacco use status was defined according to the current status noted at the time of their last medical visit during the study period. Data are summarized using mean ± SD for continuous variables and frequency counts and percentages for categorical variables. Two logistic regression models were fit to assess whether current e-cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis. For both models, COVID-19 diagnosis was the dependent variable. One model included e-cigarette and smoking status as separate variables, and the other model included a single variable defining current inhaled tobacco use (e-cigarettes only, cigarettes only, dual use, none) Covariates in both models included age (modeled as a continuous variable using a restricted cubic spline with 4 knots), sex, race/ethnicity and Institutional practice site. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Table 1). The majority of current e-cigarette users (55.9%) were also current users of conventional cigarettes, as were many (31.0%) former e-cigarette users (Table 1). COVID-19 was diagnosed in 3567 (5.1%) patients.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics According to e-Cigarette Status.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics According to e-Cigarette Status.
View larger version
In the first logistic regression model that included e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use as separate variables, current or former e-cigarette use was not associated with COVID-19 diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93, 1.43 for current use, OR 1.01 [95% CI 0.81, 1.26] for former use, Table 2). Current, but not former, smokers were less likely to have a COVID-19 diagnosis compared to never smokers (OR 0.47 [95% CI 0.41, 0.54], P < .001). In the second logistic regression model when inhaled tobacco use was included as a single variable, patients who used only e-cigarettes were not more likely to have a COVID-19 diagnosis (OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.69, 1.25], P = .628), whereas those who used only cigarettes had a decreased risk (OR 0.43 [95% CI 0.35, 0.53], P < .001). The OR for dual users fell between these 2 values (OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.49, 0.92], P = .013).
Table 2. Association between Tobacco Use Status and COVID-19 Diagnosis.
Table 2. Association between Tobacco Use Status and COVID-19 Diagnosis.
View larger version
Discussion
This analysis affirms prior studies that conventional cigarette smokers are underrepresented in the population of patients diagnosed with COVID-19.1 As previously discussed the potential for confounding and the limitations of observational cohort studies preclude causal inferences. There is a paucity of evidence regarding association of vaping and COVID-19.8 In contrast to the few prior studies that explored the association of e-cigarette use and COVID-19,4,5 we find no evidence that current or former e-cigarette users are more likely to be diagnosed, although our study design differed substantially, making direct comparisons problematic. For example, a cross sectional online survey study used a convenience sample cohort of adolescents and young adults during early period (May 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic and found both dual use and e-cigarette use were associated with the risk of infection,4 although some aspects of the study were criticized.9 However, similar to our findings, another cross sectional online study from the United Kingdom (conducted in May-June 2020) found no difference in self-reported diagnosed/suspected COVID-19 between never, current and former e-cigarette users.10 Compared with these previous investigations, our study analyzed a clinical cohort (ie, patient seeking medical care) and used self -reported e-cigarette use data that were confirmed and documented in an EHR by a clinician.6 Also, COVID-19 diagnosis in our study was confirmed using a diagnostic PCR test.7
This analysis is subject to the limitations common to observational cohort studies, for example, inclusion of some, but likely not all, confounding variables (ie, related both to COVID-19 risk and e-cigarette use). Study participants were a convenience sample who presented for outpatient care to Mayo Clinic’s ambulatory clinics, a sample that may not be entirely representative of the population of e-cigarette users in the United States.11 Also, case numbers were insufficient to analyze how e-cigarette use might influence the severity and outcomes of COVD-19. Given the deleterious effects of e-cigarette use on lung function,12 it is possible that even if e-cigarette use does not increase the risk of developing infection, it could still increase the severity of disease, as may be the case for conventional cigarettes.2
Although e-cigarettes have the well-documented potential for harm,13,14 and the COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to reduce e-cigarette use,15-17 our study found that such use does not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients seeking medical care. This result suggests the hypothesis that any effects of conventional cigarette smoking on susceptibility are not mediated by nicotine. Future work should evaluate whether e-cigarette use could moderate COVID-19 outcomes.18
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-3525
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
2. Umnuaypornlert, A, Kanchanasurakit, S, Lucero-Prisno, DEI, Saokaew, S. Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis. 2021;19:09.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
3. Winnicka, L, Shenoy, MA. EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: a review. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:2130-2135.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
4. Gaiha, SM, Cheng, J, Halpern-Felsher, B. Association between youth smoking, electronic cigarette use, and COVID-19. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67:519-523.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
5. Li, D, Croft, DP, Ossip, DJ, Xie, Z. The association between statewide vaping prevalence and COVID-19. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101254.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
6. Jose, T, Hays, JT, Warner, DO. Improved documentation of electronic cigarette use in an electronic health record. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5908.
Google Scholar | Crossref
7. Jose, T, Warner, DO, O’Horo, JC, et al. Digital health surveillance strategies for management of coronavirus disease 2019. Mayo Clin Proc: Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5:109-117.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
8. Usman, MS, Siddiqi, TJ, Khan, MS, et al. Is there a smoker’s paradox in COVID-19? BMJ Evid Based Med. Published online August 11, 2020. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111492
Google Scholar | Crossref
9. Halpern-Felsher, B, Vallone, D, Hair, E, Ling, P, Song, AV, Bondy, ML, Boykan, R. The authors respond. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68(1):216-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.017
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
10. Kale, D, Herbec, A, Perski, O, Jackson, SE, Brown, J, Shahab, L. Associations between vaping and Covid-19: cross-sectional findings from the HEBECO study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108590.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
11. Cornelius, ME, Wang, TW, Jamal, A, Loretan, CG, Neff, LJ. Tobacco product use among adults—United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1736-1742.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
12. Miyashita, L, Foley, G. E-cigarettes and respiratory health: the latest evidence. J Physiol. 2020;598:5027-5038.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
13. Koslow, M, Petrache, I. A finale on EVALI?: The abated but not forgotten outbreak of acute respiratory illness in individuals who vape. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019366.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
14. Aberegg, SK, Cirulis, MM, Maddock, SD, et al. Clinical, bronchoscopic, and imaging findings of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury among patients treated at an academic medical center. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019176.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
15. Hopkins, DB, Al-Hamdani, M. Young Canadian e-cigarette users and the COVID-19 pandemic: examining vaping behaviors by pandemic onset and gender. Front Public Health. 2021;8:620748.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
16. Gaiha, SM, Lempert, LK, Halpern-Felsher, B. Underage youth and young adult e-cigarette use and access before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2027572.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
17. Stokes, AC. Declines in electronic cigarette use among US youth in the era of COVID-19—a critical opportunity to stop youth vaping in its tracks. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2028221.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
18. Majmundar, A, Allem, J-P, Cruz, TB, Unger, JB. Public health concerns and unsubstantiated claims at the intersection of vaping and COVID-19. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22:1667-1668.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
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